LESSON ・ 会話 + 検死 + 解説
★★★本題 — 言葉を字面で受け取る夜だった。graveyard shift(夜勤)を、本人は講師が火葬場で働いていると本気で取った。次に JRE の「パンダは偽物」陰謀論 — 本人「古代中国の文献にパンダの記録が無い(Perplexity 調べ)」、講師「別の名前で出てくる。山奥に住む隠遁者(recluse)だから珍しいだけ」。本人はパンダ話を自分で止め(Can I change the topic? を3連発)、英検1級二次の練習に切り替えた。そこで役を入れ替えた — 本人が試験官になり、講師に先に受験させた。お題は過去問 Should promoting free trade be a primary goal for the Japanese government? を英国政府に置き換え、ルールは「finished と言うまで相槌もうなずきも無し」。講師の答えは経済学の教科書の答え(輸出入のバランス次第、on the flip side 依存国は損をする、一般論としては yes)。本人の答えは34年生きた人の答え(自由貿易は理想だが仕組みが rigged、持っている者は持っているものを守る、absolute power corrupts absolutely、差が開き始めたら止める仕組みが今の社会に無い)。講師の評 — 私は国の経済の視点、あなたは普通の労働者に本当に届くのかの視点で、より深く見た。講師は absolute power から前回話した Oculus の男(ゲームのコントローラーからドローン攻撃へ)につなげ、本人が締めた — everything is connected at the end of the day。パンダで始まって、中国と防衛で終わった。 10/10 土曜 19:30、約25分(第133夜と同日の2本目)。講師が先に受験役を引き受けたので、本人は「模範解答」と自分の答えを同じ25分の中で並べて聞けた。これが今夜の一番の収穫。 DMM (録音に講師の名前は無い。講師は自分で that Oculus guy from last time と言った = この講師とは前にパーマー・ラッキーの話をしている。それが何夜かは推定しない。half 11 / graveyard shift / whereas / off the top of my head / Cheers mate と英国式の言い回し。国籍は推定しない。講師は今週、夜勤とボクシングと朝の仕事が重なり、昨夜やっと寝られた。) ★録音の欠け — 講師は you used some good expressions like trickle down と言ったが、書き起こしの本人の独白に trickle down は無い。本人の独白の一部が書き起こしから落ちている。分母はこの書き起こしである。 ★文法は脇 — 前夜の宿題 ①投手から打つは off / ②very は名詞と句の前に置かない / ③small ball はすべて NO_CHANCE(野球の場面が来なかった。very は very cute character / very funny と形容詞の前で正しく立った)。今夜の宿題 — 音が届くかは hear(☓can you listen to this)/ その場の約束は won't(☓I don't stop you / I don't nod)/ 汚い言葉の後は pardon my French(☓sorry for my speaking French)。
2026-10-1025 分
検死レポート（ノイズ＝直すべき癖）
第134夜。本題 — 教科書の答えと、34年生きた答えを、同じ25分で並べた。graveyard shift(夜勤)を本人は講師が火葬場で働いているのだと本気で取り、JREのパンダ偽物説は講師が、古典には別名で出てくる、山奥の recluse だから珍しいだけ、と穏やかに直した。本人はパンダ話を自分で3回止めて、英検1級二次の練習へ。役を入れ替えて、講師に先に受験させた(お題は自由貿易、英国版。finished と言うまで相槌なし)。講師は即興で、輸出入のバランス次第、一般論では yes、と経済学の答えを約2分で走りきった。本人は、自由貿易は理想だが仕組みが rigged、absolute power corrupts absolutely、level the playing field する仕組みが要る、と答えた。講師は、自分は国の経済の視点、あなたは普通の労働者に本当に届くかの視点、と評した。最後は前回のOculusの男の話につながり、本人が everything is connected at the end of the day で締めた。録音に講師の名前は無い。講師が引いた trickle down は書き起こしに無いので、本人の独白の一部は書き起こしから落ちている。文法の主役は3つ — 音が届くかに listen を使った、その場の約束を現在形で言った(I don't stop you / I don't nod)、sorry for my speaking French。
ネイティブらしくない癖
相手を先に受験させて、模範と自分を並べて聞く。これは維持する → お題を渡したら、相手が終わるまで黙る
自分の脱線を自分で止める(Can I change the topic? ×3)。これは維持する。3回は1回でいい → Anyway で1回で切る
反論の途中で、何に反対しているかを差し替える(I strongly disagree with the idea that free trade ... sorry ... the system is rigged) → in theory / the problem is の2段で言う
定型を自分の語で組み直す(sorry for my speaking French / powerful remains powerful) → 定型は部品を替えずにそのまま出す
乖離（短いSVOで言い切る練習）
graveyard shift を字面で取った: I took it literally. / I thought you worked at a crematorium.
部屋のBGMが聞こえるか聞く: There's a speaker behind me. / Can you hear the music?
古典にパンダが出てこない: There's no mention of pandas in ancient texts. / Now everybody adores them.
汚い言葉を言った直後: Pardon my French.
相槌なしのルールを約束する: I won't stop you. I won't say a word. / Not until I say I'm finished.
自由貿易への反論: The powerful stay powerful. / The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
本音だと言う: It's not something I made up on the spot.
生徒Hello, good evening. How are you?
解説
★本人から挨拶。本人の側は土曜の夜。
先生All right. Finally slept half decently last night. Although I didn't go to bed until about 2 in the morning, but I was able to sleep past 6 o'clock.
解説
★★講師の近況 — 2時に寝て、6時過ぎまで眠れた。それで「やっとまあまあ寝られた」。今週がどれだけ削られていたかが、この基準で分かる。
盗む
Finally slept half decently last night.
half decently = まあまあまともに。decently(ちゃんと)に half を付けて控えめにする英国式の言い方。主語の I を落とすのも口語。half decent food / a half decent night's sleep。
生徒Yeah. Wow. Good morning.
解説
★★Good morning は正しかった。本人の夜19:30は、講師の側では起きたばかりの昼前である。次の行で講師が答え合わせをする。
先生Woke up at half 11 today. Yes. Great Saturday.
解説
★half 11 — 11時半。
盗む
Woke up at half 11 today.
half 11 = 11時半(half past eleven の英国式の短縮)。アメリカなら eleven thirty。
豆知識
★half eleven は英国では11時半。ドイツ語の halb elf は10時半(11時に向かって半分)。同じ half でも国で1時間ずれるので、ヨーロッパで待ち合わせると事故になる。
生徒Great. Congrats. Yeah.
解説
★★11時半まで寝たことに、Congrats。睡眠に祝辞を出した。今週の講師にとっては、それが正しい祝い方だった。
先生But anyway, pretty intensive week because I was doing the graveyard shifts again plus the boxing plus the work in the morning.
解説
★★★今夜の最初の字面 — graveyard shift。夜勤、ボクシング、朝の仕事。3つが1週間に重なった。
盗む
I was doing the graveyard shifts again.
graveyard shift = 夜勤(深夜から朝までのシフト)。night shift の口語。swing shift(夕方から深夜)と並ぶ。
豆知識
★graveyard shift の語源 — 「墓場のように静まり返った時間帯」から、という説が有力。棺に鈴を付けて生き埋めを見張った番人から、という話はよく出回るが、裏付けの無い俗説とされている。
生徒Graveyard shifts? Oh. What was that? Graveyard shift?
解説
★★知らない語を、知らないまま流さずに聞き返した。正しい。ここから字面の事故が始まる。
先生Well, it's a funny one. It basically means night shift.
解説
★講師は先に「変わった言い方でね」と前置きしてから意味を出した。
盗む
Well, it's a funny one.
a funny one = 変わったやつ(表現・話・人)。面白いではなく「ちょっと妙な」。That's a funny one / He's a funny one。
生徒Ah, okay, I see, yeah.
解説
★分かったふりの相槌ではない。次の行で、何を想像していたかを自白する。
先生But it's funny if you think about it because it's like you're going to the graveyard as well because it's unhealthy staying up late all night.
解説
★★講師が自分で語源の冗談を足した — 徹夜は体に悪いから、墓場にも近づく。
生徒You know, I didn't realize. I thought, like, not figuratively, I thought, wait, graveyard job? Yeah, it's tied. I understand. I get it. I get it totally. Yeah. Because you work at a crematory site, you know, yeah, I thought that. But, yeah, it's just a figurative way of saying night shift. I guess I got it.
ネイティブなら
I was picturing you at a crematorium.
NEWI was picturing
金具だけI didn't realize. I took it literally — I thought, wait, a graveyard job? I thought you worked at a crematorium. But it's just a figurative way of saying night shift. Got it.
解説
☓not figuratively → I took it literally。「比喩じゃなく」と否定で言うより、literally(字面どおりに)を肯定で置く。☓Because you work at a crematory site, I thought that → I thought you worked at a crematorium。thought の中身は過去に合わせて worked。火葬場は crematorium。
★★★今夜いちばんの字面 — 講師が火葬場で夜勤をしていると、本気で思っていた。ボクシングをして、朝も働いて、夜は火葬場。そういう人生だと受け入れかけていた。figurative way of saying は正しく立った。比喩という語を知っている男が、比喩を字面で取った。
先生Exactly, but if you wanted to like hyper-analyze it, you could be like, oh, well, sleep is important for health and if you don't sleep right, whatever, there are, you're awake during the day and whatever you or you're awake during the night and sleep during the day or something, it's not ideal or something, vitamin D or whatever, but, you know, you could go deeper into it, but it's just an expression really.
解説
★★講師は火葬場を笑わず、語源をもう一段掘ってみせた — 昼夜逆転、ビタミンD。最後は it's just an expression really で畳んだ。
盗む
If you wanted to hyper-analyze it, you could go deeper into it, but it's just an expression really.
hyper-analyze = 考えすぎるほど分析する。If you wanted to hyper-analyze it, ~ は「深読みすれば〜」の前置き。overthink / read too much into it と同じ棚。
豆知識
★WHO の国際がん研究機関(IARC)は、概日リズムを乱す夜勤を「おそらく発がん性がある(グループ2A)」に分類している(2007年、2019年に再評価)。講師の冗談には、統計の裏が付いている。
生徒Yeah. Maybe. Could you turn on your camera?
解説
★カメラの依頼。前夜(第133夜)は電話からで、カメラを切ってもらった。今夜は逆。
先生Oh, sorry. Did my camera.
解説
★言いかけで回線が揺れた。
生徒Yes, yes. Okay.
解説
★相槌。
先生Hello? Ah, well, sorry, disconnected.
解説
★1回目の回線落ち。
生徒Yeah. Yeah. Okay.
解説
★相槌。
先生My camera didn't help.
解説
★カメラを点けたら回線が落ちた、という講師の自虐。
生徒Thank you so much, turning on your camera, and yeah. To me, today was a really good day, lovely, warm out and yeah, it's October kind of weather. Perfect, ideal weather. And yes, so, but, you know, again this month also, and you can hear, you might hear the kind of ambient BGM, like because behind my back the speaker is there and I don't know if you can listen to this ambient kind of music, BGM? No?
ネイティブなら
Thank you so much for turning on your camera. Today was a really lovely day — warm out, October kind of weather. Perfect. And you might hear some ambient music, because there's a speaker behind me. I don't know if you can hear it. No?
解説
☓Thank you so much, turning on → thank you FOR turning on。礼の理由は for で受ける。☓behind my back the speaker is there → there's a speaker behind me。behind my back は「陰で、こっそり」の意味になる。☓if you can listen to this → if you can HEAR it。音が届いているかどうかは hear。listen は自分から耳を向ける動作。★今夜の宿題①。
★★warm out と October kind of weather は立った。天気の話は正しく、最後の1語で listen と hear が入れ替わった。★behind my back — スピーカーが本人の陰口を言っていることになった。
先生I can't hear it actually.
解説
★★★講師は hear で返した — 本人の listen の隣に、正解が置かれた。
盗む
I can't hear it, actually.
音が届くかは hear。Can you hear me? / I can't hear you。オンラインの最初の確認は全部 hear である。listen は Listen to this(これ聴いて)と、自分から耳を向けるとき。
生徒Okay. Yeah. So. Okay. So.
解説
★BGM の話が行き場を失った。
先生Ah, maybe like some speaking or something, but it's faint. I can't really make it out.
解説
★★講師は聞こえないで終わらせず、かすかに何か聞こえると拾い直した。
盗む
It's faint. I can't really make it out.
make it out = (音・文字・形が)聞き取れる、判別できる。faint(かすか)とセットで出る。I can't make out what he's saying / I could just make out the sign。
生徒Yeah, so, let's go straight into the exam prep. But a side note, I watched the Joe Rogan talking about, you know, my heart and everything, you know, I just, I really wanted to talk about today's, I watched, uh, pandas, pandas are fake. Pandas are fake conspiracy theory.
ネイティブなら
So let's go straight into the exam prep. But a side note — I watched the Joe Rogan episode about pandas being fake. The 'pandas are fake' conspiracy theory.
解説
☓I watched the Joe Rogan talking about → the Joe Rogan EPISODE about。the Joe Rogan で切ると人を見たことになる。番組の回は episode。
★★★試験の準備に直行、と言った同じ行で、パンダに脱線した。straight into と a side note が1行に並んでいる。ここから約10分、試験は来ない。
先生Oh, that's hilarious. I haven't seen that one, but I saw the guest who was talking about people who don't believe in dinosaurs, which I thought was hilarious.
解説
★★講師も同じ番組の別の回を見ていた — 恐竜を信じない人の話。
生徒Yeah, dinosaurs. And, uh, and then, he believed in, but at the same time, uh, believe in dragons. You know, there are people still in this world, believing, you know, dragons are real. And, uh, also at the same time, pandas are fake. Isn't it? It's irony, isn't it? It's very funny.
ネイティブなら
Dinosaurs, yeah. And at the same time, he believes in dragons. There are still people in this world who believe dragons are real — and that pandas are fake. It's ironic, isn't it? It's very funny.
解説
☓he believed in, but at the same time believe in → he believes in。今も信じているなら現在形で、he には s。☓It's irony → It's ironic。名詞の irony なら That's the irony。
★★恐竜は信じない、ドラゴンは信じる、パンダは信じない。本人はこの並びの皮肉(irony)を正しく掴んでいる。語の形が名詞のまま出ただけ。
先生Well, well, well, the pandas is fake has some kind of bearing to it, not in the sense that they're not real, but that they're genetically engineered or if it's, yeah,
解説
★★講師は陰謀論を一言で切らず、「何かしら根拠のある部分はある」と中身を分けて受けた — 実在しないではなく、遺伝子操作されたという方向。
盗む
It has some kind of bearing to it.
bearing = 関係、根拠になる部分。書き言葉では has some bearing on ~(〜に関係がある)が定型。講師は口語で to it とまとめた。That has no bearing on the result。
豆知識
★ジャイアントパンダの系統の化石は、約200万年前の小型種 Ailuropoda microta まで遡る。中国南部の洞窟から出ている。遺伝子操作の技術より、パンダの方が200万年ほど先輩である。
生徒perplexity is, you know, AI, uh, Joe Rogan, you know, sponsored AI. And, uh, perplexity clearly said, like, uh, yeah, uh, there's no, um, writing or like, uh, indication or records of mentioning in ancient China literature. There's no mentioning of panda. And until like 16th century, and, uh, so, right now we, you know, unexpressed, you know, China's like a pandas are representative of China, you know, very cute character, and, uh, you know, everybody's adorable. There's panda, panda diplomacy even.
ネイティブなら
Perplexity — the AI that sponsors Joe Rogan — clearly said there's no record of pandas in ancient Chinese literature. There's no mention of pandas until around the 16th century. And now pandas represent China — very cute, everybody adores them. There's even panda diplomacy.
解説
☓there's no mentioning of panda → there's no MENTION OF PANDAS。「言及」は名詞の mention。動物を総称で言うなら複数。☓everybody's adorable → everybody adores them / they're adorable。adorable は「かわいがられる側」。主語が逆になって、全員がかわいいことになった。☓ancient China literature → ancient Chinese literature。
★★panda diplomacy が立った。ネイティブの講師が次の行でそのまま繰り返した。★everybody's adorable — 本人の世界では、パンダを見る人間の方がかわいい。
先生Panda diplomacy, yes.
解説
★講師は panda diplomacy を拾って確認した。
豆知識
★パンダ外交 — 1972年、ニクソン訪中の後にアメリカへ2頭、日中国交正常化の後に日本(上野)へカンカンとランランが贈られた。1980年代からは贈与ではなく有償の貸与になっている。生まれた子も中国に返すのが原則。
生徒So, but, uh, it's weird because, because pandas are rare creatures, not about ducks, you know, so it's, it's weird, there's no records of mentioning panda in ancient, you know, there's so much about tigers, you know, dragons, they say it's funny, you know, because dragons, you know, but in ancient China's literature, but there's no, almost none of the...
ネイティブなら
But it's weird. Pandas are rare creatures — not like ducks. There's so much about tigers and dragons in ancient Chinese literature, but almost nothing about pandas.
解説
☓not about ducks → not like ducks。「アヒルとは違って」は not like。☓there's no records → there are no records。records は複数なので are。
★★珍しい生き物なら記録に残るはずだ、という本人の筋は通っている。比べる相手にアヒルを選んだ。ここで回線が落ちる。
先生Hello?
解説
★2回目の回線落ち。本人の話は、講師に届いていなかった。
生徒Ah, reconnected. Yeah, okay. Yeah. Okay. On me, you know, I don't know. I was maybe monologuing without realizing, maybe 30 seconds. Yeah, pandas are rare, you know, I don't know where, where, maybe I couldn't, I didn't watch the smartphone, smartphone.
ネイティブなら
Oh, we're reconnected. I might've been monologuing for 30 seconds without realizing. I wasn't looking at my phone.
解説
☓I didn't watch the smartphone → I wasn't looking at my phone。画面を見る、は look at。watch は動いているものを見続けるとき。
★★★30秒、誰もいない回線に向かってパンダの話をしていた。monologuing without realizing は正しく、しかも事実である。
先生Yeah, but pandas are real.
解説
★★講師の最短の反論 — pandas are real。30秒分の独白は、この1行で受けられた。
生徒And pandas are herbivore. Did I say? Where, where did we, I...
ネイティブなら
And pandas are herbivores. Did I say that? Where were we?
解説
☓pandas are herbivore → pandas are herbivores。主語が複数なら補語の名詞も複数。★Where did we → Where were we?(どこまで話したっけ)が決まった形。
★★回線が戻ったら、どこまで話したか本人も分からなくなっていた。
豆知識
★パンダは分類上は食肉目(クマ科)。消化管も肉食動物の形のままなのに、食べ物の99%は竹。竹の栄養を吸収しきれないので、1日の大半を食べて過ごす。
先生They live, they live exclusively in like very remote mountain areas. I, I, they do mention them in some ancient Chinese texts, but they don't call them pandas and they say that they...
解説
★★★講師はパンダの事実を穏やかに直した — 古い文献に出てはいる。ただ、パンダという名前ではない。Perplexity の「記録が無い」と、講師の「別の名前で出ている」が並んだ。
豆知識
★古代の文献に出てくる「貘(ばく)」や「貔貅(ひきゅう)」などがパンダを指していたという説がある。どれがパンダかは確定していない。panda という英語は、もともとレッサーパンダを指す語だった。
生徒Yes, other names. Yeah.
解説
★講師の話の先を、自分で言い当てた。
先生Yes. Uh, but obviously because they're not like a common creature, they're difficult to find, they're sort of a recluse.
解説
★★記録が少ない理由 — 珍しいのではなく、隠れて暮らしている。
盗む
They're sort of a recluse.
recluse = 世間から離れて暮らす人、隠遁者。人に使う語を動物に当てた。He's become a bit of a recluse / reclusive(形容詞)。
生徒Ah, okay. Yeah, recluse. But yeah. Yeah, uh...
解説
★新しい語を、口で一度なぞった。
先生But why, why do you, why do you think they talk about dragons everywhere in the world? Because everywhere in the world they talk about dragons at some point.
解説
★★講師が本人に問いを返した — ドラゴンはなぜ世界中にいるのか。
豆知識
★ドラゴンが世界中にいる理由には説がいくつかある。古代の人が大型の化石を見て想像した、という説(歴史学者エイドリアン・メイヤー)。ヘビ・猛禽・大型ネコという、人類が恐れてきた捕食者を1体に合わせたもの、という説(人類学者デイヴィッド・E・ジョーンズ『An Instinct for Dragons』)。
生徒I don't know. Uh, mythical creature, and, uh, maybe it's somewhat, uh, picking your child, child dream of like, I wish they existed, kind of, you know. Because it's so much, you know, dream of like, uh, dragons, uh, yeah, I don't know. But, uh, sorry, sorry. Can I change my topic? Can I change the topic? Can I change the topic? Sorry.
ネイティブなら
Dragons are just wishful thinking.
NEWwishful thinking
金具だけI don't know. They're mythical creatures. Maybe it taps into a childhood dream — like, I wish they existed. But sorry — can I change the topic?
解説
☓picking your child, child dream → it taps into a childhood dream。心の中の何かを刺激する、は tap into。☓Can I change my topic → Can I change the topic? 話題は2人のものなので the。本人も2回目で直した。
★★★Can I change the topic? を3連発 — 自分で始めたパンダ話を、自分で止めた。試験の準備をしに来た、と自分に言い聞かせている3回である。子どもの夢という答えの中身は立っている。
先生Mythology or something. Yeah, I get what you mean. It's just mythology. Like, um, some sort of story that people like.
解説
★講師は本人の「子どもの夢」を mythology と言い換えて受けた。
生徒Can I change the topic? Uh, test prep. Sorry. Test prep first.
解説
★★4回目の Can I change the topic? 講師がまだドラゴンを受けている途中だった。
先生Do you want to, uh, go to the test prep or something?
解説
★講師が切り替えを確認した。
生徒Yeah. And, uh, Eiken exam. Sorry. Eiken exam. I have to prepare. Okay.
解説
★英検。一次の結果はまだ出ていない。
先生That's all right.
解説
★講師は謝罪を受け流した。
生徒You know, I wish I was rambling about panda, you know, but, so, um, Eiken exam, uh, maybe, you know, I don't know, the result is not out yet. So, I have, but still, you know, at least I have, I assume I passed. I have prepared for the second exam, which is speaking. And, uh, it's about, like, two minutes monologuing, and three reasons, one topic, and I, you know, I don't give a fuck about, sorry for my speaking French, but I don't give a fuck about, you know, so, but I have to do this. So, so, this is my, uh, today, I was, I've been struggling, I'm still finding, like, how to approach, tackle, like, how do I perform in that room? And, but, uh, uh, but two minutes, three reason, kind of, like, uh, yes or no, you know, stuff. And, uh, I, yeah, today I picked up randomly the past Eiken exam, which is the, the question is, should promoting free trade be a primary goal for the Japanese government? Again, should promoting free trade be a primary goal for the Japanese government? That is the actual, you know, uh, in the actual test environment, there's two, five topics like this. That you can choose. Uh, you can choose one of the five. So, but, uh, today I want to talk, you know, I didn't prepare anything, but, uh, two minutes, uh, what's two minutes. And, uh, I really count on you. So, and, uh, I, I, I, like, make many, you know, useful, uh, cards from your, uh, recording, audio recording. So, so I want to ask you, maybe not a huge task, but could you talk about, um, somewhat, if, but, but this question is about Japanese government, but, uh, maybe for you, it's, it's, you know, British, so change the country. Should promoting free trade be a primary goal for the British government? And, yes or no, I don't know, I don't care, but, you know, I want to, can I, can I, like, uh, set the tone, set the, no, no, no, because two or three minutes, or, you know, you can talk, you can talk as much as possible, as much, you know, I don't care about the length. But only, you know, 11 minutes left. But, you know, I don't stop you, I don't, and also I don't talk, I don't nod, you know, I don't make any sounds unless you say finished. Thank you so much, kind of, you know. So, okay. And I, I could, and, um, could you start first and after you finished, I start. So, and the same things happen, so you cannot like, comment until I said, I'm finished. So, could you start first? You know, it's about the economy. So, at the end of the day, it's about economy. So you can broad, you can go anywhere, you know, on the tangent off the tangent, but, uh, so, please.
ネイティブなら
I wish I could keep rambling about pandas, but — the Eiken. The result isn't out yet, but I'm assuming I passed, so I'm preparing for the second stage, which is speaking: a two-minute speech on one topic. Honestly, I don't give a fuck about it — pardon my French — but I have to do it. I'm still figuring out how to tackle it, how to perform in that room. Today I randomly picked a past question: Should promoting free trade be a primary goal for the Japanese government? In the real test, there are five topics like this, and you choose one. I didn't prepare anything. And I'm counting on you — I make a lot of cards from your recordings. So could you answer it first, but for the British government? Yes or no, I don't care. Talk as long as you want — I don't care about the length, but we only have 11 minutes left. I won't stop you. I won't say a word, I won't nod, I won't make a sound until you say you're finished. Then I'll go, and the same rule applies — no comments until I say I'm finished. It's about the economy at the end of the day, so you can go broad, go off on a tangent, anywhere.
解説
☓sorry for my speaking French → PARDON MY FRENCH。汚い言葉の後に添える定型。部品は入れ替えない。★今夜の宿題③。 ☓I don't stop you / I don't talk / I don't nod / I don't make any sounds → I WON'T stop you / I won't nod / I won't make a sound。今この場で「〜しない」と約束するのは won't。現在形だと「普段はしない人間です」という習慣の話になる。★今夜の宿題②。 ☓I'm still finding how to approach → I'm still figuring out how to tackle it。☓there's two, five topics → there ARE five topics。☓I really count on you → I'm counting on you。今まさに頼っている、は進行形。☓as much as possible → as long as you want。時間の長さは long。☓until I said I'm finished → until I SAY I'm finished。未来の「〜まで」の中は現在形。☓you can broad → you can go broad。
★★★今夜の発明 — 役を入れ替えた。本人が試験官になり、講師に先に受験させた。ルールは「finished と言うまで、相槌もうなずきも無し」。模範解答を先に聞いてから自分が答える。★I don't care about the length. But only 11 minutes left — 長さは気にしない、と言った次の文で、残り時間を告知した。★pardon my French の場面を自分で作り、部品を入れ替えて着地した。
豆知識
★英検1級の二次試験 — 入室後の短い会話の後、社会問題のトピック5つが書かれたカードを渡され、1つを選んで1分で考え、2分スピーチ。その後、面接官との質疑応答が約4分。評価はスピーチ・質疑応答(インタラクション)・文法と語彙・発音。「理由を3つ」は形式の決まりではなく、受験者側の組み立ての型。
先生Yeah. I haven't, I haven't really thought about my answer a little bit. I'll start. Um. So. I think it depends on obviously how much the country import or export. Because if the country is very self-sufficient and they don't need to import a lot of stuff, then it could be quite economically beneficial, um, for the nation to have this kind of free trade and promote it with their partners and whatnot. Um, but on the flip side, if they're really dependent on other countries and they're not exporting much, um, it might not really work out in their favor. So I think it depends on that balance. Um, but I get the point that obviously free trade or just more trade, the better. It's mutually beneficial for countries to trade with each other economically and for, like, global economy, like, for stimulating the economy or whatever. So I think that, um, yes, they should promote it, but each country's leaders should think specifically about their nation's situation and try and do what's best for their country, so it's not like they're... Hmm, their country's losing out somehow, or their economy is being negatively affected by it, you know. Um, so certain industries might collapse or something, um, or it might not work out favorably, so anyway, it's a delicate, complex balance. But in general, yes, I would agree that it's a good thing to promote. There you go, that's it finished.
解説
★★★講師が先に受験役を引き受け、準備ゼロで約2分を走りきった。組み立ては教科書どおり — 条件(輸出入のバランス)→ 反対側(on the flip side)→ 一般論(mutually beneficial)→ 結論(in general, yes)。本人の「模範解答」がここで手に入った。口を挟まないルールも、本人は守った。
盗む
On the flip side, if they're really dependent on other countries, it might not really work out in their favor.
on the flip side = その裏返しとして、逆の面では。賛否を両方出すスピーチの折り返しにそのまま使える。work out in one's favor = 〜に有利に働く。同じ2分の中に losing out(損をする)/ and whatnot(〜やら何やら)/ it's a delicate, complex balance / There you go(はい、以上)も置かれている。
生徒Finished?
解説
★★試験官が、finished を確認した。ルールを作った側として正しい1語。
先生Mm.
解説
★受験終了。
生徒Oh, thank you. Maybe perfect. Two minutes. Maybe, or around, yeah. And, uh, yeah. Uh, you know, I, I, I'm not here to judge your, you know, I don't, I, can I start my thing? Without any preparation, but, uh, you cannot interrupt.
解説
★★I'm not here to judge — 試験官役なのに、採点はしないと言った。正しい定型。時間も約2分と測っていた。
先生We can discuss it afterwards, 'cause yeah, that was off the top of my head. I, I, it's not something that I've really thought too deeply about, free trade.
解説
★★★講師は自分の答えを「即興だった」と正直に言った。模範解答を出した人が、模範ではないと自分で言っている。
盗む
That was off the top of my head.
off the top of my head = 即興で、考えずにぱっと。Off the top of my head, I'd say ~(ぱっと思いつく限りでは)と前置きにも使える。試験で準備1分のまま話し始めるときの、自分への言い訳にもなる。
生徒Yeah, well I'm also going to start, maybe three minutes or five minutes or maybe until the end of the class, I may be monologuing, I'm not sure. But you cannot, uh, please, don't interrupt me, don't say anything, just listen, you don't need to make anything, you know, just, uh, you don't, you don't need to listen. Uh, yeah.
ネイティブなら
I'm going to start too — maybe three minutes, maybe five, maybe till the end of the class. Please don't interrupt me. You don't need to say anything. Just listen.
解説
☓you don't need to make anything → you don't need to SAY anything。make は物を作るとき。☓you don't need to listen →(削る)。「聞かなくていい」になって、独白の相手がいなくなる。
★★★you don't need to listen — 2分スピーチの前に、試験官に「聞かなくていい」と言った。just listen の3語あとである。★maybe until the end of the class — 2分の練習で、授業の終わりまでを宣言した。
先生Yeah. I won't follow up questions, let me just, just, just let you speak for them for as long as you want.
解説
★★★講師は won't で約束した — 本人の I don't stop you / I don't nod の隣に、正解が置かれた。同じ場面で、同じ約束を、片方は現在形、片方は won't で言っている。
盗む
I won't follow up. I'll just let you speak for as long as you want.
その場の約束は won't。I won't interrupt / I won't say a word / I won't tell anyone。for as long as you want = 好きなだけ(時間)。講師は口では I won't follow up questions と言った。follow up with questions が書き言葉の形。
生徒Yeah, until I finish, until I said, uh, I'm done. Okay, thank you so much. So no interruption.
ネイティブなら
Until I say I'm done. Okay, thank you so much. No interruptions.
解説
☓until I said I'm done → until I SAY I'm done。この先の「〜まで」なので現在形。この夜2回目。
★★ルールの再確認。until I finish は正しく、言い直した方が崩れた。
先生Mm-hmm.
解説
★ここから講師は約束どおり黙った。
生徒So, should promoting free trade be a primary goal for the Japanese government? Um. Yeah, free trades, that, uh, the words, you know, most economists think it's generally a good idea to trade things freely, and, uh, that's like our mindset ingrained in us, because GDP, the world, for example, GDP, world, like economy growing is always good, kind of like, uh, theory is always supported by, because that's why we have kind of like gadgets, you know, like iPhones or state-of-the-art facilities, you know, all comes from freely competing and freely trading, that's the result we see right now in this world. And, so, free trade is, it should be, um, uh, could be an ideal, but, uh, I, yeah, I strongly disagree with the idea that free trade, uh, so, sorry, free... Yeah, in the first, yeah, system is rigged. Because human nature is, like, they, they kind of like protect what they already got, and, uh, afraid of losing that. And, yeah, so, powerful remains powerful, you know, absolute power corrupts absolutely kind of thing. Powerful people, uh, not greedy, you know, they're capable of in the first place, making the million dollars because from their, you know, they did, I don't, uh, disregard their contribution to society in various ways, and they pay, you know, much tax of course, uh, maybe there are, there are many loopholes, but still, they pay a lot and they already contribute to society to contribute society in many ways. But still, you need like some kind of system to level the playing field again. Because, because once gaps start widening, widening, there's no like a system in today's society to stop the, the, the widening, you know, because poor people getting poorer and rich people getting richer kind of thing.
ネイティブなら
The system is rigged in favor of the people who already have it all.
NEWrigged in favor of
金具だけShould promoting free trade be a primary goal for the Japanese government? Most economists think free trade is generally a good idea. That mindset is ingrained in us — a growing world economy is always good. That's why we have gadgets like iPhones and state-of-the-art facilities. It all comes from free competition and free trade. So free trade could be an ideal. But the system is rigged. Human nature is to protect what you've already got, and to be afraid of losing it. So the powerful stay powerful. Absolute power corrupts absolutely. I'm not saying rich people are greedy. They were capable of making their millions in the first place, and I'm not dismissing their contribution to society. They pay a lot of tax — there are loopholes, but still, they pay a lot. But we need some kind of system to level the playing field. Because once the gap starts widening, there's no system in today's society to stop it. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
解説
☓free trades → free trade。数えない名詞。☓all comes from → IT all comes from。主語が要る。☓powerful remains powerful → THE POWERFUL STAY POWERFUL。the + 形容詞で「〜な人々」(複数扱い)。☓what they already got → what they'VE already got。☓I don't disregard their contribution → I'm not DISMISSING their contribution。「軽く扱うつもりはない」は dismiss。☓there's no like a system → there's no system。☓poor people getting poorer and rich people getting richer → THE RICH GET RICHER AND THE POOR GET POORER。定型は rich が先。
★★★34年生きた人の答え — 自由貿易は理想だが、仕組みがイカサマ(rigged)。the system is rigged / ingrained in us / state-of-the-art / loopholes / level the playing field / absolute power corrupts absolutely が全部立った。金持ちの貢献は否定しない、と相手側の言い分も1回置いてから、差を止める仕組みが無いと言い切った。★口が裏返す現象(継続)— I strongly disagree with the idea that free trade… と言いかけて、文の途中で主張の対象を「自由貿易」から「仕組み」に差し替えた。中身は差し替えた方が正しい。★録音の欠け — 講師は次の行で trickle down を褒めるが、この独白の書き起こしに trickle down は無い。独白の一部が落ちている。
豆知識
★absolute power corrupts absolutely — 出典は英国の歴史家アクトン卿の1887年の手紙。原文は Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely。前半は「腐敗しがち」と控えめで、言い切っているのは後半だけ。
先生Right. Well you've looked at it more deeply actually. Yeah, from more like an actual, whether it's actually benefitting the ordinary citizen. So I, I looked at it in a simple economy principle way that if the economy, what's, what's better for the economy...
解説
★★★講師の評 — あなたの方が深く見た。自分の答えを「単純な経済原則」と呼び、本人の答えを「普通の市民に本当に届くのか」と言い直した。
盗む
You've looked at it more deeply, actually.
look at it more deeply = もっと深く見る。actually を最後に置くと「実は(思っていたより)」が乗る。相手の意見を認めるときの形。
生徒It is good English, you have amazing English, I really copy later.
ネイティブなら
That's good English. Your English is amazing — I'm gonna steal that later.
解説
☓I really copy later → I'm gonna steal that later。相手の言い回しをもらう、は steal が口語の定型。☓you have amazing English → Your English is amazing。
★★褒められている途中で、褒め返して割り込んだ。講師の英語をカードにする男なので、copy は本音である。
先生No, but you used some good expressions like trickle down and stuff, like the, um, the, I was looking at it from like a nation's economy standpoint whereas actually you've looked at it in a deeper way of, how is this actually going to help ordinary workers, and in reality it doesn't. Like you say, if even if the economy is better, only some very few people are actually benefiting from that, the ordinary citizen isn't necessarily benefiting in any real noticeable way. So you kind of looked at it more deeply. Obviously some people might disagree, some people might disagree with that, but it doesn't really matter from an exam standpoint because you're just expressing your opinion.
解説
★★★講師は理由まで言語化した — 国の経済の視点(講師)と、普通の労働者に届くのかの視点(本人)。試験では賛否は採点されない、意見を言っているだけだから、とも付けた。★録音の欠け — trickle down は書き起こしの本人の独白に無い。講師は聞いている。書き起こしが落としている。
盗む
I was looking at it from a nation's economy standpoint, whereas you've looked at it in a deeper way.
whereas = 〜なのに対して。2つの見方を1文で並べる接続詞。スピーチで自分と反対側を対比するときにそのまま使える。from an exam standpoint = 試験という観点からは。standpoint の前に名詞を置けば何でも観点になる。
豆知識
★trickle-down(トリクルダウン)— 富裕層や大企業が潤えば、その富がいずれ下に滴り落ちる、という考え方。1930年代にコメディアンのウィル・ロジャースが皮肉として使い、1980年代のレーガン政権の減税政策を批判する言葉として広まった。名乗る側ではなく、批判する側が使う語である。
生徒Yeah, maybe it's more than exam, like I said, like yeah, my belief, you know, my, like, yeah, because I've been living in, you know, in this world 34 years so I've experienced something and, uh, good or bad, and, uh, that's my genuine, uh, opinion, not about faking up, you know, making up in a moment kind of stuff. So, but, uh, yeah, so, oh, thank you so much, and...
ネイティブなら
It's more than the exam, like I said. It's what I believe. I've been living in this world for 34 years, I've experienced things, good and bad, and that's my genuine opinion — not something I made up on the spot.
解説
☓in this world 34 years → FOR 34 years。期間には for。☓not about faking up, making up in a moment → not something I made up on the spot。その場ででっち上げる、は make up on the spot。faking up という形は無い。
★★★試験用じゃない、34年生きた本音だ、と言い切った。2分スピーチの練習で出たのが、練習用ではない答えだった。
先生I think it's very about the, uh, you know, you were saying absolute power corrupts absolutely, I was thinking about that Oculus, that Oculus guy from last time because it's true, like they make some Xbox controller or something for a game and then next thing you know they're drone strike, drone strike people or whatever, like it's completely out of control.
解説
★★★講師は absolute power から、前に話した Oculus の男につなげた。講師本人の言葉 — that Oculus guy from last time。この講師とは前にパーマー・ラッキーの話をしている(何夜かは推定しない)。ゲームの道具を作っていた人が、気づけばドローン攻撃。
盗む
Next thing you know, it's completely out of control.
next thing you know = 気づいたら、あっという間に。話の展開が速すぎることを言う前置き。completely out of control = 完全に手に負えない。
豆知識
★パーマー・ラッキー — VR ヘッドセットの Oculus を創業し、2014年に Facebook へ約20億ドルで売却。2017年に防衛企業 Anduril(アンドゥリル)を創業し、自律型ドローンや監視システムを米軍などに納めている。初代 Oculus Rift には Xbox One のコントローラーが同梱されていた。講師の「Xbox のコントローラー」はこの記憶とつながる。1992年生まれ。
生徒Yeah, yeah, yeah. Well, I don't like that guy, you know, same age with us, and, uh, he was talking about defense, you know, China and China, you know, because it's funny because we started with like pandas stuff and, you know, everything is connected, everything is connected at the end of the day. You know, we talked, and, uh, me speaking English is nice and you are a great teacher. Thank you so much. Next time.
ネイティブなら
Well, I don't like that guy. He's the same age as us. He was talking about defense, and China. It's funny — we started with pandas, and everything is connected at the end of the day. Speaking English with you was nice, and you're a great teacher. Thank you so much. See you next time.
解説
☓same age with us → same age AS us。the same ~ as が定型。☓me speaking English is nice → Speaking English with you was nice。終わった時間の感想は過去形。
★★★締め — everything is connected at the end of the day。パンダで始まって、中国と防衛で終わった。本人がこの夜の線を自分で1本にした。
先生Cheers mate. Bye bye.
解説
★英国式の締め。
盗む
Cheers, mate.
Cheers = ありがとう / じゃあね(英国式)。乾杯だけの語ではない。mate を付けると親しみが乗る。
生徒Bye bye.
解説
★終わり。
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